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Quem tem mais direitos? O adulto ou a criança?

  • Quem tem mais direitos é a criança! E também o adolescente! As crianças e os adolescentes têm a proteção integral dedicada aos adultos, mais a proteção especial dedicada aos menores. Mas nem sempre foi assim. No passado não muito distante, a lei só tratava do menor quando ele se tornava um problema social, quer dizer, só remediava, sem prevenir danos aos pequenos, sem reconhecer nem garantir direitos.

A idéia de proporcionar à criança uma proteção especial surgiu na Declaração dos Direitos da Criança, de Genebra, no ano de 1924. Naquela época, no Brasil, ainda se adotava a Teoria do Direito Penal do Menor, segundo a qual as crianças e adolescentes eram tratados apenas quando associados à delinquência. Trata-se da teoria que levou às legislações do século XIX e do início do século XX. Foi de grande influência sobre o Código Criminal do Império de 1890 e o primeiro Código de Menores de 1927. Ao longo do século XX, o mundo evoluiu na forma de proteção do menor. A declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos da ONU em 1948 reclamava o direito a cuidados e assistências especiais aos menores. Já a Convenção Americana sobre os Direitos Humanos de 1969 (Pacto de São José da Costa Rica) dispõe que toda criança tem direito às medidas de proteção que sua condição de menor requer por parte da família, da sociedade e do Estado. A raiz mais próxima da Doutrina de Proteção Integral é a Convenção sobre o Direito da Criança aprovada pela Assembléia Geral da ONU em 1989. Tal Convenção foi admitida como direito interno brasileiro através do Decreto Legislativo 28 de 1990, promulgado pelo Presidente da República na forma do Decreto 99.710 de 1990. A Constituição de 1988 foi pioneira no Direito brasileiro em adotar a prioridade absoluta da criança e do adolescente e sua proteção como dever da família, da sociedade e do Estado. O Código de Menores de 1979, por adotar a Doutrina da Situação Irregular, incompatível com a Proteção Integral, já não podia ser aplicado com a vigência da Constituição de 1988. A Doutrina da Situação Irregular buscava prevenir e erradicar situações que fugiam ao padrão normal da sociedade, como menores abandonados, vítimas de maus-tratos, miseráveis, além dos infratores. Era um avanço em relação à Doutrina do Direito Penal do Menor, mas não acompanhava os avanços no Direito da Criança e do Adolescente que vinham acontecendo no mundo.

Percebeu-se a necessidade de criação de uma lei que concretizasse as conquistas obtidas e sedimentadas na nova Constituição. Esta lei foi o Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (ECA – Lei 8.069 de 1990).

A doutrina da Proteção Integral é expressamente adotada pelo ECA em seu primeiro artigo:

Art. 1º Esta Lei dispõe sobre a proteção integral à criança e ao adolescente.

Podemos destacar dois pontos principais defendidos por essa nova doutrina: as pessoas com menos de 18 anos de idade possuem direitos iguais aos dos adultos, além de direitos que lhes são peculiares, considerando sua especial condição de pessoas em desenvolvimento ou em formação; e a família, a sociedade e o Estado são solidariamente responsáveis pela garantia de tais direitos.

O menor portanto tem no ECA a expressa garantia da defesa dos direitos sem nenhuma restrição em relação aos adultos. O ECA, assim como a Constituição, garante absoluta prioridade à criança e ao adolescente quanto aos direitos da personalidade, sendo responsáveis por essa garantia a família, a sociedade e o Estado. Mas o moleque esperto já sabe: ter direitos é bom, claro, mas traz uma série de deveres, como diz o Ziraldo.

Referências:

ZIRALDO e ANADEP. Crianças e Adolescentes Primeiro! Cartilha disponível em http://portal.mj.gov.br/sedh/spdca/Cartilha%20Defensor%20Publico4.pdf Publicado em 2011. Acesso em 10/02/2012

AMIN, Andrea Rodrigues. Doutrina da Proteção Integral. In Curso de Direito da Criança e do adolescente : aspectos teóricos e práticos / Kátia Maciel coord. 5ª edição. Rio de Janeiro: Lumen Juris, 2011

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