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Ainda sobre o caso do jet ski: crime doloso, culposo ou nenhum crime?

bemon Plural: 841 comentários
  • No caso da menina morta em Bertioga no dia 18 deste mês, atropelada pelo jet ski pilotado por um adolescente, o advogado da família da vítima espera ver o proprietário do jet ski indiciado por homicídio doloso, no caso, por dolo eventual (neste tipo de dolo o agente não quer necessariamente o resultado mas assume o risco de produzí-lo).
  • Discutiremos neste post a diferença nem sempre bem definida entre culpa consciente e dolo eventual. Tentarei esclarecer os motivos de uma eventual condenação por homicídio culposo dos responsáveis pelo empréstimo do jet ski ao adolescente, caso o empréstimo tenha ocorrido.
  • Apesar de a possibilidade de ter havido homicídio doloso não ser mencionada no post anterior, a probabilidade do dolo ser provado não é nula, mas, como veremos, a probabilidade de ter ocorrido simples culpa é muito maior, e o dolo eventual será muito mais difícil de provar do que a culpa, se houver.
  • O simples fato de o adolescente sem habilitação ter pilotado ou tentado pilotar o jet ski não torna necessariamente criminosa a conduta de quem permitiu o uso da máquina.

Os fatos analisados neste post são provenientes principalmente da reportagem de Maurício Tonetto publicada no Portal Terra em 20/02/2012. Tais fatos não são incontestáveis. A possibilidade de condenação das pessoas envolvidas na morte da menina de 3 anos, atingida na cabeça por um jet ski, só poderá ser confirmada por meio do devido processo legal, não cabendo ao autor deste blog qualquer tipo de julgamento das pessoas envolvidas, tampouco do trabalho realizado pela polícia, pelo Ministério Público e pelos advogados contratados pelas partes.

Continuando o assunto abordado no post anterior, vejamos alguns conceitos e raciocínios jurídicos aplicáveis ao caso da menina morta em Bertioga, atropelada por um jet ski.

Uma conduta é dolosa quando o agente tem a consciência e a vontade de praticar uma ação ou omissão cujo resultado é previsto como certo ou possível. Mas existem dois tipos de dolo: o direto e o eventual. No dolo direto, o agente quer que o resultado se produza. Já no dolo eventual, o agente assume o risco de produzi-lo.

No dolo eventual, o agente sabe que o resultado é provável, mas simplesmente não se importa com a possibilidade de sua ocorrência. No caso de Bertioga, um adulto teria dolo eventual de homicídio se soubesse, por exemplo, que o adolescente costuma se divertir lançando o jet ski desgovernado em direção à areia e, mesmo assim, permitisse que o garoto brincasse com a máquina em um dia de praia cheia de banhistas. Mesmo sabendo que o garoto não apontava o jet ski para ninguém em particular, o adulto deveria saber que lançar o jet ski contra a areia cheia de banhistas torna muito provável a lesão ou morte de alguém. Se esse adulto ainda assim permitisse esse tipo de uso do jet ski, achando que a vida das pessoas na praia não é importante, achando que tanto faz se alguém morrer, então ele agiria com dolo eventual, assumindo o risco do resultado. Porém, os fatos narrados pela imprensa até o momento, não permitem achar que isso tenha ocorrido. Aparentemente, ninguém brincava de lançar o jet ski contra a areia.

Se já entendemos mais ou menos o que é dolo eventual, devemos notar que aquele que assume um risco de morte de outra pessoa nem sempre comete crime de homicídio. Se uma pessoa em Salvador convida um amigo do Rio de Janeiro para conhecer a capital da Bahia no momento em que a Polícia está em greve, e o carioca acaba morrendo em um assalto em Salvador, a conduta do baiano que convidou e até mesmo pagou a passagem do carioca não pode ser considerada crime, nem doloso nem culposo. O risco assumido nesse caso é um risco normalmente tolerado pela sociedade, portanto não há crime. Trata-se de exclusão do crime pela teoria da imputação objetiva.

Quando ocorre um dano decorrente de uma conduta típica, ilícita e culpável, existe crime, conforme explicamos rapidamente no post anterior. Se o crime é culposo, o agente com certeza praticou uma conduta que apresentava um risco para a vítima. Se não há risco, não pode haver crime. Exemplificando: se limpar uma arma descarregada com imprudência não apresenta nenhum risco imediato, ninguém pode morrer pela falta de cuidado de quem manipula a arma, não pode haver crime de homicídio. Mas se a mesma imprudência é aplicada quando a arma está carregada, a mesma pode disparar acidentalmente e matar alguém, caracterizando crime culposo se a conduta é típica, ilícita e culpável. Nesse caso, só há culpa se a pessoa não consegue prever o disparo com resultado morte (culpa inconsciente), ou, se consegue prever o resultado, acredita que poderá evitá-lo (culpa consciente), seja apontando a arma para longe da outra pessoa, seja evitando o próprio disparo.

No exemplo dado, se a arma está carregada, existe um risco criado pelo agente. Se não houvesse risco, a arma nunca poderia disparar e atingir alguma vítima. Se a arma dispara e atinge alguém, pode haver crime culposo, a não ser que o agente queira a morte da vítima, caso em que há dolo direto, ou não se importe se a morte ocorrer, caso de dolo eventual.

O dolo eventual decorre do fato de o agente assumir o risco do resultado, isso significa que é preciso que esse resultado seja aceitável pelo agente ou, em outras palavras, que o resultado seja indiferente para o agente. Para ele, tanto faz se a vítima morrer. Quem tem dolo eventual em homicídio, tem total desprezo pela vida da vítima, apesar de não querer necessariamente a sua morte. Na culpa consciente, por sua vez, o agente não tem desprezo pela vida da vítima, simplesmente ele não toma os cuidados que uma pessoa normalmente tomaria. O resultado é o mesmo, mas a conduta homicida guiada pela indiferença é mais grave e mais severamente punida que a conduta de alguém que tenta evitar a morte mas não toma cuidado suficiente.

No caso do jet ski, se um menor não pode ter habilitação para guiar a máquina, podemos dizer que o risco criado pelo piloto adolescente não é aceito pela sociedade, assim como não é aceito o risco de limpar uma arma carregada. Resta claro que, se algum adulto permitiu o uso do jet ski pelo adolescente, assumiu um risco que não é aceito pela sociedade. Mas será que esse adulto tem desprezo pela vida humana (dolo eventual) ou, de forma menos grave, simplesmente acreditou que o menor poderia evitar atropelamentos (culpa consciente)?

O dolo eventual requer provas de que, se os adultos permitiram o uso do jet ski, eles tinham desprezo pela vida da vítima ou indiferença pela sua morte. Se não exigirmos a prova, qualquer situação de risco, em que o agente não tome os cuidados necessários, deixaria de ser enquadrada em culpa e passaria a ser tratada como dolo eventual. Assim, nada mais seria culpa. Toda vez que o agente apresentasse falta de cuidado diríamos que tem dolo eventual porque assume o risco pelo resultado, tratando com indiferença o fato de matar ou não matar alguém. Essa presunção de dolo não é possível, é preciso provar o dolo.

Acredito que seja muito pouco provável a caracterização de dolo eventual de quem emprestou o jet ski ou permitiu o seu uso pelo adolescente. A simples falta de cuidado é muito mais comum do que o total desprezo pela vida alheia. Se houver algum adulto envolvido no empréstimo do jet ski e esse adulto demonstrar sincero arrependimento, acredito que estará descartado o enquadramento em homicídio com dolo eventual, pois o adulto terá mostrado que se importa com a vida da menina, restando a possibilidade de crime culposo, ou crime nenhum, caso não haja culpa.

Mesmo que haja violação de um dever de cuidado por parte do adulto que possibilitou o uso do jet ski pelo adolescente sem habilitação, isso não é suficiente para a condenação desse adulto por homicídio culposo. É preciso ainda que a violação do dever de cuidado seja determinante do resultado morte. Para ter certeza de que a falta de cuidado determinou a morte, devemos imaginar se uma conduta cuidadosa teria gerado o mesmo resultado. Se o dono do jet ski tivesse emprestado a máquina para alguém habilitado a pilotá-lo, será que o mesmo acidente poderia ter ocorrido? Será que o acidente foi determinado por falha mecânica do jet ski, por exemplo? Se uma pessoa cuidadosa e habilitada poderia ter gerado o mesmo desastre, então não seria a falta de cuidado a causa determinante da morte da menina. Nesse caso, não haveria nem crime culposo, mesmo considerando que o jet ski era pilotado por menor sem habilitação (Zaffaroni, pag. 443).

Se houver processo e surgir dúvida acerca do dolo do agente, se não houver prova suficiente, o dolo deverá ser descartado em benefício do réu. Na dúvida, no Direito Penal, devemos sempre beneficiar o réu. Nesse caso, poderão enquadrá-lo em crime culposo ou nenhum crime, se não houver culpa.

De acordo com os fatos divulgados até o momento, não vejo nenhuma razão para achar que os adultos envolvidos no caso do jet ski possam ter praticado homicídio doloso (dolo eventual), mas há quem pense diferente. Eu terei sempre respeito por quem pensa diferente e se dispõe a apresentar argumentos em defesa de sua tese.

Referências:

FRAGOSO, Heleno Claudio. Lições de Direito Penal. Parte Geral. 15a ed. – Rio de Janeiro: Forense, 1994

ZAFFARONI, E. R. e PIERANGELI, J. H. Manual de Direito Penal Brasileiro, vol 1. Parte Geral. 7a ed. – São Paulo: RT, 2007

JESUS, Damásio E. de. Direito Penal, vol 1 – Parte Geral. 28a ed. – São Paulo: Saraiva, 2005

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